By Mireille Goyer, Founder of Women Of Aviation Worldwide Week
In 1960, only one in 21,417 women held an “other-than-student” pilot certificate; by 1980, the ratio had become one in 4,224, the best representation of women pilots within the general population ever. Today, to have a chance to randomly meet a woman pilot in the United States, you would have to meet 5,623 women. Wow, so much for progress!
Significant progress between 1960 and 1980; at an overall standstill ever since
Since I started advocating for more women in aviation during the Centennial of Licensed Women Pilots in 2010, I have been delighted with the amazing interest, support, and enthusiasm towards changing the trends, but also saddened to realize that, after over one hundred years, the state of our inclusion was not as advanced as it could be, and dumfounded by some of the misleading information circulating concerning the presence of women pilots.
As a result, I requested hard data for the last 5 decades from the FAA. Carla Colwell, Information Systems Manager for the FAA, had to go through the dusty archives at the FAA’s Airmen Certification Branch in Oklahoma City to provide me with the information. Thanks to Carla, I can share this data with you (chart – All Pilots Statistics 1960-2010).
So where were we in 2010? There were 27,451 women holding an “other-than-student” pilot certificate in the United States. This number has remained virtually unchanged from its 26,896 value in 1980 (chart – Women Pilots Statistics 1960-2010). The percentage of women pilots is 5.39% (table – All Pilots Statistics 1960-2010).
Over the last five decades, most of the female pilot population growth took place between 1960 and 1980, a time when a strong feminist message encouraged women to try activities previously perceived as reserved to men. During those two decades, the number of women pilots went from 4,218 to 26,896 and the number of women holding a for-hire pilot certificate went from 763 to 4,473 (chart – Women Pilots Statistics 1960-2010).
The number of female for-hire pilots increased by 3,000 per decade, each decade, since 1970
Why did the progress stop? Actually, it did not entirely. The number of women holding a for-hire pilot certificate continued to increase at a steady rate of 3,000 per decade to reach 13,755 in 2010. Meanwhile, the number of women holding a not-for-hire pilot certificate decreased at essentially the same rate. In 2010, an even split between the number of for-hire and not-for-hire female pilots was achieved.
Despite the progress of women in the for-hire category, they represent only 5.15% of the pilots holding a for-hire pilot certificate. Furthermore, the U.S. Department of Labor reports that only 4.3% of the population that reports making a living as a pilot or flight engineer is female. If you think that you are seeing more women flying for the airlines, you are right. However, out of the more than 76,000 persons reporting their income source as a pilot or flight engineer, only around 3,200 are women (chart – Women at Work Statistics 1960-2010).
When we compare the progress of commercial women pilots to other professions previously male dominated, the progress seems dismal. Women air traffic controllers now represent 26% of the air traffic controller population. Women flight dispatchers stand at nearly 18% of the people working in this field. Even women aerospace engineers have made greater progress. Virtually non-existent in 1960, the percentage of women making a living as aerospace engineers reached 9.2% in 2010.
Interestingly, the percentage of commercial women pilots is half of the percentage of female boat captains and operators (8.2%), a quarter of the percentage of female police and sheriff’s patrol officers (15%), and about one eighth of the percentage of female doctors and surgeons (31.8%).
Cost issues apply equally to male and female pilot candidates
Why such slow progress? The cost of training is often advanced as the culprit. The facts. The cost of a flight training lesson in a 2-seat airplane with fuel and instructor has not increased tremendously over the decades. Such flight lesson used to cost between $10 and $15 ($73-$110 in 2010 dollars) in 1960, between $20 and $25 ($115-$143 in 2010 dollars) in 1970, and between $30 and $35 ($85-$100 in 2010 dollars) in 1980, a cost low that was maintained until recently. Today, a lesson in a similar airplane averages between $130 and $160 (chart – Cost of Flying 1960-2010).
There are other cost factors that could explain the lack of significant progress. In 1960, a new Cessna 172 cost $9,450 ($69,412 in 2010 dollars) or 3.6 times the average cost of a new car. In 2010, the same Cessna 172 cost $269,500 or 9.2 times the average cost of a new car (table – Pilot Population Growth & Cost of Flying 1960-2010).
Regardless of the potential effect of cost factors, cost issues apply equally to male and female pilot candidates. The number of women earning $100,000 or more annually has tripled in the last 10 years alone. In 2010, over 1.4 million women were making $100,000 or more annually and over 1.1 million women were millionaires. How can we justify the low number of women pilots by cost alone?
People do not undertake activities or careers that they do not believe they can be successful at
A 2004 study by S.J. Correll titled “Constraints into preferences: gender, status, and emerging career aspirations” might produce a better explanation. During the study, when women were told that men were typically better at completing a given task, they assess themselves as worse than average while men would assess themselves as better than average. A self-fulfilling prophecy. On the other hand, when women were told that they were as competent as men at completing a given task, they assessed themselves as average and so did men (bar graph – Self Assessment).
The study also addressed the perception of success. When women were told that men were typically better at completing a given task, they perceived that a score of 89% was necessary to convince them that they had a high ability at the task, while men felt that a score of 79% would prove that they had a high ability. When told that men and women were equally competent at the task, both men and women felt that a score of about 83% would convince them that they had a high ability (bar graph – Perception of Standards).
This study highlighted the power of perception. Aviation has traditionally been presented as an activity in which men naturally excel. People do not undertake activities or careers that they do not believe they can be successful at. As a result, qualified women are less likely to consider flying than their male peers.
The flight training environment is a barrier for women
Despite the cost and perception challenges, women do come to the airport with the intention of learning to fly. Since 1980, more than 11% of student pilots have been women, yet the number of women pilots holding other-than-student pilot certificates has remained steady. This fact points to another barrier to women’s success in aviation: the flight training environment (chart – All Students).
A woman is often isolated and receives little emotional support as she goes through the normal up and downs of flight training. Because most flight instructors are male flight instructors, effective communication between the instructor and the student is often harder to establish. Training programs are designed for the typical flight student: a young, mechanically-inclined male. Unless she is mechanically-inclined or lucky enough to find a talented instructor who can explain the information in a manner that she can comprehend, she might have trouble learning the material. Moreover and according to the findings of S.J. Correll’s study, she believes that she has to achieve a higher level of comprehension than her male counterpart just to be an average pilot.
Women seem to face more hurdles in the flight training environment than men do, but both male and female pilot candidates have to deal with the flight training industry’s increasing ineffectiveness at training pilots. Out of all pilot candidates committed enough to learning to fly that they obtained a medical/student pilot certificate, 65% became unrestricted pilots in the early 1990s; today, less than 35% do (chart – Student Conversion Rate) (table – Student Conversion Rate).
Women are the silver lining of aviation
While most industries have made significant efforts to attract the female customer in the last few decades, the aviation industry is still lagging. As an example, long gone are the cars that would require the smaller-framed female driver to bring cushions along; that’s not the case with most new aircraft.
But things are changing. As we celebrated the Centennial of Licensed Women Pilots in 2010, the industry started to take a closer look at where it stood in terms of integration of women. More photos of women pilots started showing up on aviation websites, more articles about successful women pilots were written, and studies examining some of the hurdles faced by female pilot candidates were commissioned. As I launched the annual Women Of Aviation Worldwide Week celebration in 2011, aviation businesses, associations, and individuals eagerly joined in to introduce girls and women to the opportunities aviation has to offer them.
In 1985, motorcycle manufacturer Harley Davidson decided to target the female customer. At the time, it was selling only 2% of its bikes to female customers. It took faith, it took determination, and it took a financial investment to change things. But, the rewards were huge. By 2003, women were buying 10% of their bikes.
A change of marketing message coupled with learning how to serve the female customer yielded a fivefold sale share increase in less than two decades! But, wait a minute; we have already generated a similar growth… between 1960 and 1980.
A virtually untargeted market, women are the silver lining of aviation. However, it will take an industry-wide collaboration to change the current trends. A strong message was proven effective in the 60s, and 70s. Women Of Aviation Worldwide Week is designed to send a strong, unified, positive, and welcoming message to girls and women: “Aviation wants you”.
Please, join us as we celebrate the upcoming Women Of Aviation Worldwide Week. Together, let’s show girls and women how welcoming to women the aviation industry really is and how eager we are to include them. Then, let’s sit back and watch the numbers grow. These are exciting times!
